Façade of the old St. Peter's Basilica in
Rome.
“Basilica” fig. 9.
Encyclopædia
Britannica (1910), vol. 3 p. 474.
R Fthr, wh rt n hvn, hllwd b Th nm; Th kngdm cm; Th wll b dn n rth s t s n hvn.The 24 original words should be recognizable by practicing Christians, despite 8 of them--exactly 1⁄3--being shown without the opening vowels of their full spelling.
∅ blv n n Gd, th Fthr lmght, Mkr f hvn nd rth, nd f ll thngs vsbl nd nvsbl. Nd n n Lrd, Jss Chrst, th nl bgttn Sn f Gd. Brn f th Fthr bfr ll gs.Given 39 original words, 20 of them--a trifle more than 1⁄2--being shown without their opening vowels, thus causing the opening word, which is the subject of the first sentence, to disappear completely [@], this is a much less reässuring example. In English, many short words contain only a single consonant, including a few forms of pronouns and the crucial verb “to be”, plus many prepositions (consider, e.g.: “
Crd n nm Dm, Ptrm mnptntm, fctrm cl t trr, vsblm mnm t nvsblm. T n nm Dmnm Jsm Chrstm, Flm D ngntm. T x Ptr ntm nte mn scl.Given 30 original words corresponding to the whole 2nd example, 15 of them--exactly 1⁄2--being shown without their opening vowels, it's obvious that switching from one Indoëuropean language to another provides an insignificant improvement; instead, it changes the problem: Writing Latin without vowels eliminates many grammatically crucial distinctions of case (consider, e.g.: “D
[...] et docuerunt turbam multam, ita ut cognominarentur primum Antiochiæ discipuli, Christiani. [Actūs 11:26 Vulg.]Destination for Paul at the end (A.D. 53) of his 2nd journey, with St.[?] Silas and perhaps also St. Timothy.[18:22]
[...] and they taught a great multitude, so that at Antioch the disciples were first named Christians. [Acts 11:26 DRV]
[TEST: styled 'tr'] |
IMPCAESARIDIVINERVAFILO
NERVAETRAIANOOPTIMOAVG GERMANICODACICONTIRIB POTESTXVIII IMP VII COSVIP FORTISSIMORPRINCIPISN SPQR |
Inscription on the Arch of Trajan
(A.D. 114) at Benevento
[errors per engraving, uncorrected, in “Trajan”. World Book, 1924]. |
[TEST: styled 'div'] |
IMP.CAESARI.DIVI.NERVAE.FILIO
NERVAE.TRAIANO.OPTIMO.AVG. GERMANICO.DACI POTES FORTISSIMO |
Inscription on the Arch of Trajan
(A.D. 114) at Benevento [corr. per photo by Joan Jahnige, Kentucky Educational Television: www.dl.ket.org]. |
“Numerals are usually distinguished from letters in the ancient period, down to the end of the [Roman] republic, by a stroke drawn through them, as in [...]duo semis (sestertius) [...]; it was afterwards put above them [....]” IIS
50 Where the Lord said to Moses: 51 Command the children of Israel, and say to them: When you shall have passed over the Jordan, entering into the land of Chanaan, 52 Destroy all the inhabitants of that land: Beat down their pillars, and break in pieces their statues, and waste all their high places, 53 Cleansing the land, and dwelling in it. For I have given it to you for a possession.[*] 54 And you shall divide it among you by lot. To the more you shall give a larger part, and to the fewer a lesser. To every one as the lot shall fall, so shall the inheritance be given. The possession shall be divided by the tribes and the families. 55 But if you will not kill the inhabitants of the land: they that remain, shall be unto you as nails in your eyes, and spears [lancæ] in your sides, and they shall be your adversaries in the land of your habitation. 56 And whatsoever I had thought to do to them, I will do to you. [emphasis added]The boundaries of the land were identified as a direct quote from God to Moses [Numbers 34:3--12]:
1 And the Lord spoke to Moses, saying: 2 Command the children of Israel, and thou shalt say to them: When you are entered into the land of Chanaan, and it shall be fallen into your possession by lot, it shall be bounded by these limits: 3 The south side shall begin from the wilderness of Sin, which is by Edom: and shall have the most salt sea for its furthest limits eastward: 4 Which limits shall go round on the south side by the ascent of the Scorpion and so into Senna, and reach toward the south as far as Cadesbarne, from whence the frontiers shall go out to the town called Adar, and shall reach as far as Asemona. 5 And the limits shall fetch a compass from Asemona to the torrent of Egypt, and shall end in the shore of the great sea. 6 And the west side shall begin from the great sea, and the same shall be the end thereof. 7 But toward the north side the borders shall begin from the great sea, reaching to the most high mountain, 8 From which they shall come to Emath, as far as the borders of Sedada: 9 And the limits shall go as far as Zephrona, and the village of Enan. These shall be the borders on the north side. 10 From thence they shall mark out the grounds towards the east side from the village of Enan unto Sephama. 11 And from Sephama the bounds shall go down to Rebla over against the fountain of Daphnis: from thence they shall come eastward to the sea of Cenereth, 12 And shall reach as far as the Jordan, and at the last shall be closed in by the most salt sea. This shall be your land with its borders round about.After its conquest ca. 1400 B.C., centuries passed before the Israelite tribal settlements in Chanaan developed into the kingdom of the unified tribes of Israel (1052--972 B.C.), under the reigns of Saul, David, and Solomon. Jerusalem did not become the capital of Israel until after David captured it, from the Jebusites.
“ Great imperial administrators of Classical Western Civilization? Oh, suuure! They conclusively kicked Carthaginian gloutós («γλουτός»), and they organised censūs throughout their empire, spanning Britannia to Judæa. But they couldn't get a simple calendar right! Even a child can count from 1 to 28, 29, 30, or 31; why wouldn't they? Oh! Excuuuse me! From I to XXVIII, XXIX, XXX, or XXXI. ” [#]The Romans reckoned days of the month relative to 3 days named for their position in each month:
Holy Week &c. 2010 according to the Julian calendar | |||
---|---|---|---|
feast or ferial day | Julian date (Latin) | Julian date (translated) | modern date |
Palm Sunday | a.d. V Kalendas Apr. | 5th day before Kalends of April | 28 March |
Monday of Holy Week | a.d. IV Kalendas Apr. | 4th day before Kalends of April | 29 March |
Tuesday of Holy Week (Paschal Full Moon) | a.d. III Kalendas Apr. | 3rd day before Kalends of April | 30 March |
Spy Wednesday | pridie Kalendas Apr. | day before Kalends of April | 31 March |
Maundy Thursday | Kalendis Apr. | Kalends of April | 1 April |
Good Friday | a.d. IV Nonas Apr. | 4th day before Nōnes of April | 2 April |
Holy Saturday | a.d. III Nonas Apr. | 3rd day before Nōnes of April | 3 April |
Easter (Sunday) | pridie Nonas Apr. | day before Nōnes of April | 4 April |
Easter Monday | Nonis Apr. | Nōnes of April | 5 April |
Easter Tuesday | VIII Idus Apr. | 8th day before Ides of April | 6 April |
IIII partēs | dies primus |
[DRAFT] [*]
VIII partēs |
[DRAFT] [#]
diēs |
sesquimonths (sesquimenses) | res rusticae |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ver
XCI (91 days) |
7 Febr. |
8 Febr.--
24 Mart.
[25 Mart.] |
XLV
45 [21+24] |
primum a Favonio ad æquinoctium vernum | |
25 Mart.--
7 Mai.
[28 Mai.] |
XLIV
44 [7+30+7] |
hinc [ab æquinoctio verno] ad vergiliarum exortum | |||
æstas
XCIV (94 days) |
9 Mai. |
8 Mai.--
24 Iun.
[24 Iun.] |
XLIIX
48 [24+24] |
ab hoc [vergiliarum exortū ] ad solstitium | Remove 1st combs from beehives (10 May); cut fodder; gather hay; |
25 Iun.--
21 Iul.
[2 Aug.] |
XXVII
27 [6+21] |
inde [a solstitio] ad caniculae signum | Harvest winter grain. | ||
autumnus
XCI (91 days) |
11 Sextil.
[11 Aug.] |
22 Iul.--
26 Sept.
[24 Sept.] |
LXVII
67 [10+31+26] |
dein [a caniculae signo] ad æquinoctium autumnale (“dog days”) | Cut & stack straw; remove 2nd combs from beehives (before Arcturus has wholly risen: early Sept.). |
27 Sept.--
28 Oct.
[9 Nov.] |
XXXII
32 [4+28] |
exin [ab æquinoctio autumnalī ] ad vergiliarum occasum | Gather grapes (in dry weather). Begin sowing. | ||
hiems
XXCIX (89 days) |
10 Nov. |
29 Oct.--
24 Dec.
[25 Dec.] |
LVII
57 [3+30+24] |
ab hoc [vergiliarum occasū ] ad brumam | Harvest olives (Oct.--Dec.). Finish sowing. Remove 3rd combs from beehives (early Nov.). |
25 Dec.-- 7 Feb. |
XLV
45 [7+31+7] |
inde [a brumā] ad Favonium |
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Æ æ | Œ œ | Þ þ | ſ | Ō ō Ŏ ŏ | Α α Ω ω | Ά ώ | א ת | Ꜿ ꜿ Ꝋ ꝋ | p̶ Ꝑ ꝑ |
Days of the week in classical, mediæval, and modern times | |||
---|---|---|---|
Classical Latin | Roman Catholic | Old English | English |
Dies Solis |
Dies Domini
(Dies) Dominica |
Sunnandæg | Sunday |
Dies Lunae | Feria 2 | Mōn(an)dæg | Monday |
Dies Martis | Feria 3 | Tīwesdæg | Monday |
Dies Mercurii | Feria 4 | Wōdnesdæg | Wednesday |
Dies Jovis | Feria 5 | Þursdæg | Thursday |
Dies Veneris | Feria 6 | Frīgedæg | Friday |
Dies Saturni | Dies Sabbata | Sater(nes)dæg | Saturday |